""" The `train_gpt.py` and `train_gpt_mlx.py` scripts are intended as good launching-off points for new participants, not SOTA configs. We'll accept PRs that tune, improve, or simplify these scripts without significantly increasing complexity, but competitive submissions should stay in the `/records` folder. Hard stop: To keep readable for newcomers, let's make sure `train_gpt.py` and `train_gpt_mlx.py` never are longer than 1500 lines. """ from __future__ import annotations import copy import glob import io import math import os import random import subprocess import sys import time import uuid import zlib from pathlib import Path import numpy as np import sentencepiece as spm import torch import torch.distributed as dist import torch.nn.functional as F from torch import Tensor, nn from torch.nn.parallel import DistributedDataParallel as DDP # ----------------------------- # HYPERPARAMETERS # ----------------------------- # Default Simple Baseline run: # - 9 transformer blocks at width 512 # - 8 attention heads with 4 KV heads (GQA) and 2x MLP expansion # - vocab size 1024, sequence length 1024, tied embeddings # - 524,288 train tokens per step for 20,000 iterations with a ~10 minute cap class Hyperparameters: # Data paths are shard globs produced by the existing preprocessing pipeline. data_path = os.environ.get("DATA_PATH", "./data/datasets/fineweb10B_sp1024") train_files = os.path.join(data_path, "fineweb_train_*.bin") val_files = os.path.join(data_path, "fineweb_val_*.bin") tokenizer_path = os.environ.get("TOKENIZER_PATH", "./data/tokenizers/fineweb_1024_bpe.model") run_id = os.environ.get("RUN_ID", str(uuid.uuid4())) seed = int(os.environ.get("SEED", 1337)) resume_from = os.environ.get("RESUME_FROM", "") # Validation cadence and batch size. Validation always uses the full fineweb_val split. val_batch_size = int(os.environ.get("VAL_BATCH_SIZE", 524_288)) val_loss_every = int(os.environ.get("VAL_LOSS_EVERY", 1000)) train_log_every = int(os.environ.get("TRAIN_LOG_EVERY", 200)) # Training length. iterations = int(os.environ.get("ITERATIONS", 20000)) warmdown_iters = int(os.environ.get("WARMDOWN_ITERS", 1200)) warmup_steps = int(os.environ.get("WARMUP_STEPS", 20)) train_batch_tokens = int(os.environ.get("TRAIN_BATCH_TOKENS", 524_288)) train_seq_len = int(os.environ.get("TRAIN_SEQ_LEN", 1024)) max_wallclock_seconds = float(os.environ.get("MAX_WALLCLOCK_SECONDS", 600.0)) qk_gain_init = float(os.environ.get("QK_GAIN_INIT", 1.5)) # Model shape. vocab_size = int(os.environ.get("VOCAB_SIZE", 1024)) num_layers = int(os.environ.get("NUM_LAYERS", 9)) num_kv_heads = int(os.environ.get("NUM_KV_HEADS", 4)) model_dim = int(os.environ.get("MODEL_DIM", 512)) num_heads = int(os.environ.get("NUM_HEADS", 8)) mlp_mult = int(os.environ.get("MLP_MULT", 2)) tie_embeddings = bool(int(os.environ.get("TIE_EMBEDDINGS", "1"))) rope_base = float(os.environ.get("ROPE_BASE", 10000.0)) logit_softcap = float(os.environ.get("LOGIT_SOFTCAP", 30.0)) # Optimizer hyperparameters. embed_lr = float(os.environ.get("EMBED_LR", 0.6)) head_lr = float(os.environ.get("HEAD_LR", 0.008)) tied_embed_lr = float(os.environ.get("TIED_EMBED_LR", 0.05)) tied_embed_init_std = float(os.environ.get("TIED_EMBED_INIT_STD", 0.005)) matrix_lr = float(os.environ.get("MATRIX_LR", 0.04)) scalar_lr = float(os.environ.get("SCALAR_LR", 0.04)) muon_momentum = float(os.environ.get("MUON_MOMENTUM", 0.95)) muon_backend_steps = int(os.environ.get("MUON_BACKEND_STEPS", 5)) muon_momentum_warmup_start = float(os.environ.get("MUON_MOMENTUM_WARMUP_START", 0.85)) muon_momentum_warmup_steps = int(os.environ.get("MUON_MOMENTUM_WARMUP_STEPS", 500)) beta1 = float(os.environ.get("BETA1", 0.9)) beta2 = float(os.environ.get("BETA2", 0.95)) adam_eps = float(os.environ.get("ADAM_EPS", 1e-8)) grad_clip_norm = float(os.environ.get("GRAD_CLIP_NORM", 0.0)) # Test-time training (LoRA) hyperparameters. ttt_lora_rank = int(os.environ.get("TTT_LORA_RANK", 8)) ttt_lora_lr = float(os.environ.get("TTT_LORA_LR", 0.01)) ttt_chunk_size = int(os.environ.get("TTT_CHUNK_SIZE", 256)) ttt_eval_seq_len = int(os.environ.get("TTT_EVAL_SEQ_LEN", 1024)) ttt_batch_size = int(os.environ.get("TTT_BATCH_SIZE", 64)) # ----------------------------- # MUON OPTIMIZER # ----------------------------- # # As borrowed from modded-nanogpt # Background on Muon: https://kellerjordan.github.io/posts/muon/ def zeropower_via_newtonschulz5(G: Tensor, steps: int = 10, eps: float = 1e-7) -> Tensor: # Orthogonalize a 2D update matrix with a fast Newton-Schulz iteration. # Muon uses this to normalize matrix-shaped gradients before applying them. a, b, c = (3.4445, -4.7750, 2.0315) X = G.bfloat16() X /= X.norm() + eps transposed = G.size(0) > G.size(1) if transposed: X = X.T for _ in range(steps): A = X @ X.T B = b * A + c * A @ A X = a * X + B @ X return X.T if transposed else X class Muon(torch.optim.Optimizer): def __init__(self, params, lr: float, momentum: float, backend_steps: int, nesterov: bool = True): super().__init__( params, dict(lr=lr, momentum=momentum, backend_steps=backend_steps, nesterov=nesterov), ) @torch.no_grad() def step(self, closure=None): loss = None if closure is not None: with torch.enable_grad(): loss = closure() distributed = dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized() world_size = dist.get_world_size() if distributed else 1 rank = dist.get_rank() if distributed else 0 for group in self.param_groups: params = group["params"] if not params: continue lr = group["lr"] momentum = group["momentum"] backend_steps = group["backend_steps"] nesterov = group["nesterov"] total_params = sum(int(p.numel()) for p in params) updates_flat = torch.zeros(total_params, device=params[0].device, dtype=torch.bfloat16) curr = 0 for i, p in enumerate(params): if i % world_size == rank and p.grad is not None: g = p.grad state = self.state[p] if "momentum_buffer" not in state: state["momentum_buffer"] = torch.zeros_like(g) buf = state["momentum_buffer"] buf.mul_(momentum).add_(g) if nesterov: g = g.add(buf, alpha=momentum) g = zeropower_via_newtonschulz5(g, steps=backend_steps) # Scale correction from Muon reference implementations. g *= max(1, g.size(0) / g.size(1)) ** 0.5 updates_flat[curr : curr + p.numel()] = g.reshape(-1) curr += p.numel() if distributed: dist.all_reduce(updates_flat, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) curr = 0 for p in params: g = updates_flat[curr : curr + p.numel()].view_as(p).to(dtype=p.dtype) p.add_(g, alpha=-lr) curr += p.numel() return loss # ----------------------------- # TOKENIZER-AGNOSTIC EVALUATION SETUP # ----------------------------- # # It's common for small models have a large fraction of their parameters be embeddings, since the 2 * d_model * d_vocab vectors can be gigantic. # Instead of locking the tokenizer, we let you bring your own and calculate our validation metrics on the average compression of the validation set. # We calculate BPB (bits-per-byte) instead of validation loss, so we need methods to count the number of bits per token in the tokenizer. # Note: Submissions that edit the tokenizer will be examined more carefully, since screwing this up might unjustly improve your score. def build_sentencepiece_luts( sp: spm.SentencePieceProcessor, vocab_size: int, device: torch.device ) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor, Tensor]: sp_vocab_size = int(sp.vocab_size()) table_size = max(sp_vocab_size, vocab_size) base_bytes_np = np.zeros((table_size,), dtype=np.int16) has_leading_space_np = np.zeros((table_size,), dtype=np.bool_) is_boundary_token_np = np.ones((table_size,), dtype=np.bool_) for token_id in range(sp_vocab_size): if sp.is_control(token_id) or sp.is_unknown(token_id) or sp.is_unused(token_id): continue is_boundary_token_np[token_id] = False if sp.is_byte(token_id): base_bytes_np[token_id] = 1 continue piece = sp.id_to_piece(token_id) if piece.startswith("▁"): has_leading_space_np[token_id] = True piece = piece[1:] base_bytes_np[token_id] = len(piece.encode("utf-8")) return ( torch.tensor(base_bytes_np, dtype=torch.int16, device=device), torch.tensor(has_leading_space_np, dtype=torch.bool, device=device), torch.tensor(is_boundary_token_np, dtype=torch.bool, device=device), ) def load_validation_tokens(pattern: str, seq_len: int) -> Tensor: files = [Path(p) for p in sorted(glob.glob(pattern))] if not files: raise FileNotFoundError(f"No files found for pattern: {pattern}") # The export pipeline writes the fixed first-50k-doc validation set to fineweb_val_*. tokens = torch.cat([load_data_shard(file) for file in files]).contiguous() usable = ((tokens.numel() - 1) // seq_len) * seq_len if usable <= 0: raise ValueError(f"Validation split is too short for TRAIN_SEQ_LEN={seq_len}") return tokens[: usable + 1] def eval_val( args: Hyperparameters, model: nn.Module, rank: int, world_size: int, device: torch.device, grad_accum_steps: int, val_tokens: Tensor, base_bytes_lut: Tensor, has_leading_space_lut: Tensor, is_boundary_token_lut: Tensor, ) -> tuple[float, float]: # Validation computes two metrics: # - val_loss: token cross-entropy (natural log) # - val_bpb: tokenizer-agnostic compression metric used by the challenge local_batch_tokens = args.val_batch_size // (world_size * grad_accum_steps) if local_batch_tokens < args.train_seq_len: raise ValueError( "VAL_BATCH_SIZE must provide at least one sequence per rank; " f"got VAL_BATCH_SIZE={args.val_batch_size}, WORLD_SIZE={world_size}, " f"GRAD_ACCUM_STEPS={grad_accum_steps}, TRAIN_SEQ_LEN={args.train_seq_len}" ) local_batch_seqs = local_batch_tokens // args.train_seq_len total_seqs = (val_tokens.numel() - 1) // args.train_seq_len seq_start = (total_seqs * rank) // world_size seq_end = (total_seqs * (rank + 1)) // world_size val_loss_sum = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) val_token_count = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) val_byte_count = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) model.eval() with torch.inference_mode(): for batch_seq_start in range(seq_start, seq_end, local_batch_seqs): batch_seq_end = min(batch_seq_start + local_batch_seqs, seq_end) raw_start = batch_seq_start * args.train_seq_len raw_end = batch_seq_end * args.train_seq_len + 1 local = val_tokens[raw_start:raw_end].to(device=device, dtype=torch.int64, non_blocking=True) x = local[:-1].reshape(-1, args.train_seq_len) y = local[1:].reshape(-1, args.train_seq_len) with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16, enabled=True): batch_loss = model(x, y).detach() batch_token_count = float(y.numel()) val_loss_sum += batch_loss.to(torch.float64) * batch_token_count val_token_count += batch_token_count prev_ids = x.reshape(-1) tgt_ids = y.reshape(-1) token_bytes = base_bytes_lut[tgt_ids].to(dtype=torch.int16) token_bytes += (has_leading_space_lut[tgt_ids] & ~is_boundary_token_lut[prev_ids]).to(dtype=torch.int16) val_byte_count += token_bytes.to(torch.float64).sum() if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized(): dist.all_reduce(val_loss_sum, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) dist.all_reduce(val_token_count, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) dist.all_reduce(val_byte_count, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) val_loss = val_loss_sum / val_token_count bits_per_token = val_loss.item() / math.log(2.0) tokens_per_byte = val_token_count.item() / val_byte_count.item() model.train() return float(val_loss.item()), float(bits_per_token * tokens_per_byte) # ----------------------------- # POST-TRAINING QUANTIZATION # ----------------------------- # # It's silly to export our model, which is trained in bf16 and fp32, at that same precision. # Instead, we get approximately the same model (with a small hit) by quantizing the model to int8 & zlib compressing. # We can then decompress the model and run in higher precision for evaluation, after closing in under the size limit. CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS = tuple( pattern for pattern in os.environ.get( "CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS", "attn_scale,attn_scales,mlp_scale,mlp_scales,resid_mix,resid_mixes,q_gain,skip_weight,skip_weights", ).split(",") if pattern ) INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_FP32_NAME_PATTERNS = tuple( pattern for pattern in os.environ.get( "INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_FP32_NAME_PATTERNS", ",".join(CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS), ).split(",") if pattern ) INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_MAX_NUMEL = 65_536 INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_STORE_DTYPE = torch.float16 INT8_PER_ROW_SCALE_DTYPE = torch.float16 INT8_CLIP_PERCENTILE = 99.99984 INT8_CLIP_Q = INT8_CLIP_PERCENTILE / 100.0 def tensor_nbytes(t: Tensor) -> int: return int(t.numel()) * int(t.element_size()) def keep_float_tensor(name: str, t: Tensor, passthrough_orig_dtypes: dict[str, str]) -> Tensor: if any(pattern in name for pattern in INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_FP32_NAME_PATTERNS): return t.float().contiguous() if t.dtype in {torch.float32, torch.bfloat16}: passthrough_orig_dtypes[name] = str(t.dtype).removeprefix("torch.") return t.to(dtype=INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_STORE_DTYPE).contiguous() return t def quantize_float_tensor(t: Tensor) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: t32 = t.float() if t32.ndim == 2: # Matrices get one scale per row, which usually tracks output-channel # ranges much better than a single tensor-wide scale. clip_abs = ( torch.quantile(t32.abs(), INT8_CLIP_Q, dim=1) if t32.numel() else torch.empty((t32.shape[0],), dtype=torch.float32) ) clipped = torch.maximum(torch.minimum(t32, clip_abs[:, None]), -clip_abs[:, None]) scale = (clip_abs / 127.0).clamp_min(1.0 / 127.0) q = torch.clamp(torch.round(clipped / scale[:, None]), -127, 127).to(torch.int8).contiguous() return q, scale.to(dtype=INT8_PER_ROW_SCALE_DTYPE).contiguous() # Vectors / scalars use a simpler per-tensor scale. clip_abs = float(torch.quantile(t32.abs().flatten(), INT8_CLIP_Q).item()) if t32.numel() else 0.0 scale = torch.tensor(clip_abs / 127.0 if clip_abs > 0 else 1.0, dtype=torch.float32) q = torch.clamp(torch.round(torch.clamp(t32, -clip_abs, clip_abs) / scale), -127, 127).to(torch.int8).contiguous() return q, scale def quantize_state_dict_int8(state_dict: dict[str, Tensor]): # Single supported clean-script export format: # - per-row int8 for 2D float tensors # - per-tensor int8 for other float tensors # - exact passthrough for non-floats # - passthrough for small float tensors, stored as fp16 to save bytes quantized: dict[str, Tensor] = {} scales: dict[str, Tensor] = {} dtypes: dict[str, str] = {} passthrough: dict[str, Tensor] = {} passthrough_orig_dtypes: dict[str, str] = {} qmeta: dict[str, dict[str, object]] = {} stats = dict.fromkeys( ("param_count", "num_tensors", "num_float_tensors", "num_nonfloat_tensors", "baseline_tensor_bytes", "int8_payload_bytes"), 0, ) for name, tensor in state_dict.items(): t = tensor.detach().to("cpu").contiguous() stats["param_count"] += int(t.numel()) stats["num_tensors"] += 1 stats["baseline_tensor_bytes"] += tensor_nbytes(t) if not t.is_floating_point(): stats["num_nonfloat_tensors"] += 1 passthrough[name] = t stats["int8_payload_bytes"] += tensor_nbytes(t) continue # Small float tensors are cheap enough to keep directly. We still downcast # fp32/bf16 passthrough tensors to fp16 so metadata does not dominate size. if t.numel() <= INT8_KEEP_FLOAT_MAX_NUMEL: kept = keep_float_tensor(name, t, passthrough_orig_dtypes) passthrough[name] = kept stats["int8_payload_bytes"] += tensor_nbytes(kept) continue stats["num_float_tensors"] += 1 q, s = quantize_float_tensor(t) if s.ndim > 0: qmeta[name] = {"scheme": "per_row", "axis": 0} quantized[name] = q scales[name] = s dtypes[name] = str(t.dtype).removeprefix("torch.") stats["int8_payload_bytes"] += tensor_nbytes(q) + tensor_nbytes(s) obj: dict[str, object] = { "__quant_format__": "int8_clean_per_row_v1", "quantized": quantized, "scales": scales, "dtypes": dtypes, "passthrough": passthrough, } if qmeta: obj["qmeta"] = qmeta if passthrough_orig_dtypes: obj["passthrough_orig_dtypes"] = passthrough_orig_dtypes return obj, stats def dequantize_state_dict_int8(obj: dict[str, object]) -> dict[str, Tensor]: out: dict[str, Tensor] = {} qmeta = obj.get("qmeta", {}) passthrough_orig_dtypes = obj.get("passthrough_orig_dtypes", {}) for name, q in obj["quantized"].items(): dtype = getattr(torch, obj["dtypes"][name]) s = obj["scales"][name] if qmeta.get(name, {}).get("scheme") == "per_row" or s.ndim > 0: s = s.to(dtype=torch.float32) # Broadcast the saved row scale back across trailing dimensions. out[name] = (q.float() * s.view(q.shape[0], *([1] * (q.ndim - 1)))).to(dtype=dtype).contiguous() else: scale = float(s.item()) out[name] = (q.float() * scale).to(dtype=dtype).contiguous() for name, t in obj["passthrough"].items(): # Restore small tensors, undoing the temporary fp16 storage cast if needed. out_t = t.detach().to("cpu").contiguous() orig_dtype = passthrough_orig_dtypes.get(name) if isinstance(orig_dtype, str): out_t = out_t.to(dtype=getattr(torch, orig_dtype)).contiguous() out[name] = out_t return out # ----------------------------- # DATA LOADING # ----------------------------- def load_data_shard(file: Path) -> Tensor: header_bytes = 256 * np.dtype(" None: self.file_idx = (self.file_idx + 1) % len(self.files) self.tokens = load_data_shard(self.files[self.file_idx]) self.pos = 0 def take(self, n: int) -> Tensor: chunks: list[Tensor] = [] remaining = n while remaining > 0: avail = self.tokens.numel() - self.pos if avail <= 0: self._advance_file() continue k = min(remaining, avail) chunks.append(self.tokens[self.pos : self.pos + k]) self.pos += k remaining -= k return chunks[0] if len(chunks) == 1 else torch.cat(chunks) class DistributedTokenLoader: # Each call consumes a contiguous chunk from the shared token stream, then slices out # one disjoint span per rank. The extra "+1" token lets us build (x, y) by shifting. def __init__(self, pattern: str, rank: int, world_size: int, device: torch.device): self.rank = rank self.world_size = world_size self.device = device self.stream = TokenStream(pattern) def next_batch(self, global_tokens: int, seq_len: int, grad_accum_steps: int) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: local_tokens = global_tokens // (self.world_size * grad_accum_steps) per_rank_span = local_tokens + 1 chunk = self.stream.take(per_rank_span * self.world_size) start = self.rank * per_rank_span local = chunk[start : start + per_rank_span].to(dtype=torch.int64) x = local[:-1].reshape(-1, seq_len) y = local[1:].reshape(-1, seq_len) return x.to(self.device, non_blocking=True), y.to(self.device, non_blocking=True) # ----------------------------- # TRANSFORMER MODULES # ----------------------------- class RMSNorm(nn.Module): def __init__(self, eps: float | None = None): super().__init__() self.eps = eps def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: return F.rms_norm(x, (x.size(-1),), eps=self.eps) class CastedLinear(nn.Linear): # Keep weights in fp32 for optimizer/state quality, cast at matmul time for bf16 compute. def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: bias = self.bias.to(x.dtype) if self.bias is not None else None return F.linear(x, self.weight.to(x.dtype), bias) def restore_low_dim_params_to_fp32(module: nn.Module) -> None: # Keep small/control parameters in fp32 even when the model body runs in bf16. with torch.no_grad(): for name, param in module.named_parameters(): if (param.ndim < 2 or any(pattern in name for pattern in CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS)) and param.dtype != torch.float32: param.data = param.data.float() class Rotary(nn.Module): # Caches cos/sin tables per sequence length on the current device. def __init__(self, dim: int, base: float = 10000.0): super().__init__() inv_freq = 1.0 / (base ** (torch.arange(0, dim, 2, dtype=torch.float32) / dim)) self.register_buffer("inv_freq", inv_freq, persistent=False) self._seq_len_cached = 0 self._cos_cached: Tensor | None = None self._sin_cached: Tensor | None = None def forward(self, seq_len: int, device: torch.device, dtype: torch.dtype) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]: if ( self._cos_cached is None or self._sin_cached is None or self._seq_len_cached != seq_len or self._cos_cached.device != device ): t = torch.arange(seq_len, device=device, dtype=self.inv_freq.dtype) freqs = torch.outer(t, self.inv_freq.to(device)) self._cos_cached = freqs.cos()[None, None, :, :] self._sin_cached = freqs.sin()[None, None, :, :] self._seq_len_cached = seq_len return self._cos_cached.to(dtype=dtype), self._sin_cached.to(dtype=dtype) def apply_rotary_emb(x: Tensor, cos: Tensor, sin: Tensor) -> Tensor: half = x.size(-1) // 2 x1, x2 = x[..., :half], x[..., half:] return torch.cat((x1 * cos + x2 * sin, x1 * (-sin) + x2 * cos), dim=-1) class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module): def __init__( self, dim: int, num_heads: int, num_kv_heads: int, rope_base: float, qk_gain_init: float, ): super().__init__() if dim % num_heads != 0: raise ValueError("model_dim must be divisible by num_heads") if num_heads % num_kv_heads != 0: raise ValueError("num_heads must be divisible by num_kv_heads") self.num_heads = num_heads self.num_kv_heads = num_kv_heads self.head_dim = dim // num_heads if self.head_dim % 2 != 0: raise ValueError("head_dim must be even for RoPE") kv_dim = self.num_kv_heads * self.head_dim self.c_q = CastedLinear(dim, dim, bias=False) self.c_k = CastedLinear(dim, kv_dim, bias=False) self.c_v = CastedLinear(dim, kv_dim, bias=False) self.proj = CastedLinear(dim, dim, bias=False) self.proj._zero_init = True self.q_gain = nn.Parameter(torch.full((num_heads,), qk_gain_init, dtype=torch.float32)) self.rotary = Rotary(self.head_dim, base=rope_base) def forward(self, x: Tensor, q_delta=None, v_delta=None) -> Tensor: bsz, seqlen, dim = x.shape q = self.c_q(x) + (q_delta if q_delta is not None else 0) k = self.c_k(x) v = self.c_v(x) + (v_delta if v_delta is not None else 0) q = q.reshape(bsz, seqlen, self.num_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) k = k.reshape(bsz, seqlen, self.num_kv_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) v = v.reshape(bsz, seqlen, self.num_kv_heads, self.head_dim).transpose(1, 2) q = F.rms_norm(q, (q.size(-1),)) k = F.rms_norm(k, (k.size(-1),)) cos, sin = self.rotary(seqlen, x.device, q.dtype) q = apply_rotary_emb(q, cos, sin) k = apply_rotary_emb(k, cos, sin) q = q * self.q_gain.to(dtype=q.dtype)[None, :, None, None] y = F.scaled_dot_product_attention( q, k, v, attn_mask=None, is_causal=True, enable_gqa=(self.num_kv_heads != self.num_heads), ) y = y.transpose(1, 2).contiguous().reshape(bsz, seqlen, dim) return self.proj(y) class MLP(nn.Module): # relu^2 MLP from the original modded-nanogpt setup def __init__(self, dim: int, mlp_mult: int): super().__init__() hidden = mlp_mult * dim self.fc = CastedLinear(dim, hidden, bias=False) self.proj = CastedLinear(hidden, dim, bias=False) self.proj._zero_init = True def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: x = torch.relu(self.fc(x)) return self.proj(x.square()) class Block(nn.Module): def __init__( self, dim: int, num_heads: int, num_kv_heads: int, mlp_mult: int, rope_base: float, qk_gain_init: float, ): super().__init__() self.attn_norm = RMSNorm() self.mlp_norm = RMSNorm() self.attn = CausalSelfAttention(dim, num_heads, num_kv_heads, rope_base, qk_gain_init) self.mlp = MLP(dim, mlp_mult) self.attn_scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(dim, dtype=torch.float32)) self.mlp_scale = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(dim, dtype=torch.float32)) self.resid_mix = nn.Parameter(torch.stack((torch.ones(dim), torch.zeros(dim))).float()) def forward(self, x: Tensor, x0: Tensor, q_delta_fn=None, v_delta_fn=None) -> Tensor: mix = self.resid_mix.to(dtype=x.dtype) x = mix[0][None, None, :] * x + mix[1][None, None, :] * x0 n = self.attn_norm(x) qd = q_delta_fn(n) if q_delta_fn is not None else None vd = v_delta_fn(n) if v_delta_fn is not None else None attn_out = self.attn(n, qd, vd) x = x + self.attn_scale.to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * attn_out x = x + self.mlp_scale.to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * self.mlp(self.mlp_norm(x)) return x class GPT(nn.Module): def __init__( self, vocab_size: int, num_layers: int, model_dim: int, num_heads: int, num_kv_heads: int, mlp_mult: int, tie_embeddings: bool, tied_embed_init_std: float, logit_softcap: float, rope_base: float, qk_gain_init: float, ): super().__init__() if logit_softcap <= 0.0: raise ValueError(f"logit_softcap must be positive, got {logit_softcap}") self.tie_embeddings = tie_embeddings self.tied_embed_init_std = tied_embed_init_std self.logit_softcap = logit_softcap self.tok_emb = nn.Embedding(vocab_size, model_dim) self.num_encoder_layers = num_layers // 2 self.num_decoder_layers = num_layers - self.num_encoder_layers self.num_skip_weights = min(self.num_encoder_layers, self.num_decoder_layers) self.skip_weights = nn.Parameter(torch.ones(self.num_skip_weights, model_dim, dtype=torch.float32)) self.blocks = nn.ModuleList( [ Block( model_dim, num_heads, num_kv_heads, mlp_mult, rope_base, qk_gain_init, ) for i in range(num_layers) ] ) self.final_norm = RMSNorm() self.lm_head = None if tie_embeddings else CastedLinear(model_dim, vocab_size, bias=False) if self.lm_head is not None: self.lm_head._zero_init = True self._init_weights() def _init_weights(self) -> None: if self.tie_embeddings: nn.init.normal_(self.tok_emb.weight, mean=0.0, std=self.tied_embed_init_std) for module in self.modules(): if isinstance(module, nn.Linear) and getattr(module, "_zero_init", False): nn.init.zeros_(module.weight) def forward(self, input_ids: Tensor, target_ids: Tensor, lora=None) -> Tensor: x = self.tok_emb(input_ids) x = F.rms_norm(x, (x.size(-1),)) x0 = x skips: list[Tensor] = [] # First half stores skips; second half reuses them in reverse order. for i in range(self.num_encoder_layers): qd = lora.q_loras[i] if lora else None vd = lora.v_loras[i] if lora else None x = self.blocks[i](x, x0, qd, vd) skips.append(x) for i in range(self.num_decoder_layers): bi = self.num_encoder_layers + i if skips: x = x + self.skip_weights[i].to(dtype=x.dtype)[None, None, :] * skips.pop() qd = lora.q_loras[bi] if lora else None vd = lora.v_loras[bi] if lora else None x = self.blocks[bi](x, x0, qd, vd) x = self.final_norm(x) if self.tie_embeddings: logits = F.linear(x, self.tok_emb.weight) else: logits = self.lm_head(x) logits = logits + (lora.lm_head_lora(x) if lora else 0) logits = self.logit_softcap * torch.tanh(logits / self.logit_softcap) if lora: bsz, sl, V = logits.shape return F.cross_entropy( logits.float().reshape(-1, V), target_ids.reshape(-1), reduction="none").reshape(bsz, sl) return F.cross_entropy(logits.float().reshape(-1, logits.size(-1)), target_ids.reshape(-1), reduction="mean") # ----------------------------- # TEST-TIME TRAINING (LoRA) # ----------------------------- # # At evaluation time, we adapt per-document low-rank adapters on the validation data. # Each document gets its own adapter, so there is no inter-document dependency. BOS_ID = 1 class BatchedLinearLoRA(nn.Module): """LoRA for a linear layer, with independent weights per batch element. Computes x @ Aᵀ @ Bᵀ = x @ (BA)ᵀ, i.e. the LoRA delta is ΔW = BA.""" def __init__(self, bsz: int, in_features: int, out_features: int, rank: int): super().__init__() self.in_features = in_features self.A = nn.Parameter(torch.empty(bsz, rank, in_features)) # down-projection self.B = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(bsz, out_features, rank)) # up-projection self.reset() def forward(self, x: Tensor) -> Tensor: return (x @ self.A.transpose(1, 2)) @ self.B.transpose(1, 2) # (bsz, T, out) def reset(self) -> None: bound = 1.0 / math.sqrt(self.in_features) with torch.no_grad(): self.A.uniform_(-bound, bound) # kaiming-uniform self.B.zero_() class BatchedTTTLoRA(nn.Module): """All LoRA adapters for one batch: LM head and Q/V per block.""" def __init__(self, bsz: int, model: GPT, rank: int): super().__init__() dim = model.tok_emb.embedding_dim vocab = model.tok_emb.num_embeddings self.lm_head_lora = BatchedLinearLoRA(bsz, dim, vocab, rank) self.q_loras = nn.ModuleList() self.v_loras = nn.ModuleList() for block in model.blocks: self.q_loras.append(BatchedLinearLoRA(bsz, dim, block.attn.c_q.weight.shape[0], rank)) self.v_loras.append(BatchedLinearLoRA(bsz, dim, block.attn.c_v.weight.shape[0], rank)) def reset(self) -> None: for m in self.modules(): if isinstance(m, BatchedLinearLoRA): m.reset() def _reset_ttt_optimizer(opt): for group in opt.param_groups: for p in group['params']: s = opt.state.get(p) if not s: # Fresh state. continue s['exp_avg'].zero_() s['exp_avg_sq'].zero_() s['step'].fill_(0) def _build_ttt_optimizer(lora, args: Hyperparameters): return torch.optim.Adam(lora.parameters(), lr=args.ttt_lora_lr, betas=(args.beta1, args.beta2), eps=1e-10) def _find_docs(all_tokens: Tensor, include_next_bos: bool = True) -> list[tuple[int, int]]: """Return (start_offset, length) for each document, identified by BOS boundaries. If include_next_bos is True, include next document's BOS (to match continuous-stream eval token count exactly). """ bos_positions = (all_tokens == BOS_ID).nonzero(as_tuple=True)[0].numpy() docs = [] for i in range(len(bos_positions)): start = int(bos_positions[i]) end = int(bos_positions[i + 1]) if i + 1 < len(bos_positions) else all_tokens.numel() if include_next_bos and i + 1 < len(bos_positions): end += 1 assert end - start >= 2 docs.append((start, end - start)) return docs def _compute_chunk_window(ci: int, pred_len: int, num_chunks: int, chunk_size: int, eval_seq_len: int): """Return (win_start, win_len, chunk_offset, chunk_len) for chunk `ci` of a doc.""" chunk_start = ci * chunk_size chunk_end = pred_len if ci == num_chunks - 1 else (ci + 1) * chunk_size win_start = max(0, chunk_end - eval_seq_len) win_len = chunk_end - win_start chunk_offset = chunk_start - win_start chunk_len = chunk_end - chunk_start return win_start, win_len, chunk_offset, chunk_len def _accumulate_bpb( ptl: Tensor, x: Tensor, y: Tensor, batch_i: int, chunk_offset: int, chunk_len: int, base_bytes_lut: Tensor, has_leading_space_lut: Tensor, is_boundary_token_lut: Tensor, loss_sum: Tensor, byte_sum: Tensor, token_count: Tensor, ): """Add one doc-chunk's contribution to the running BPB accumulators.""" lbl = ptl[batch_i, chunk_offset:chunk_offset + chunk_len].to(torch.float64) prev = x[batch_i, chunk_offset:chunk_offset + chunk_len] tgt = y[batch_i, chunk_offset:chunk_offset + chunk_len] tok_bytes = base_bytes_lut[tgt].to(torch.float64) tok_bytes += has_leading_space_lut[tgt] & ~is_boundary_token_lut[prev] loss_sum += lbl.sum() byte_sum += tok_bytes.sum() token_count += chunk_len def eval_val_ttt_lora( args: Hyperparameters, base_model: GPT, rank: int, world_size: int, device: torch.device, base_bytes_lut: Tensor, has_leading_space_lut: Tensor, is_boundary_token_lut: Tensor, ) -> tuple[float, float]: """Evaluate with batched LoRA test-time training. Returns (val_loss, val_bpb).""" # Load validation tokens and find document boundaries files = sorted(glob.glob(args.val_files)) all_tokens = torch.cat([load_data_shard(Path(f)) for f in files]) docs = _find_docs(all_tokens) # Each rank takes a contiguous slice of documents rank_docs = docs[(len(docs) * rank) // world_size : (len(docs) * (rank + 1)) // world_size] chunk_size = args.ttt_chunk_size eval_seq_len = args.ttt_eval_seq_len batch_size = args.ttt_batch_size lora_rank = args.ttt_lora_rank rank_docs.sort(key=lambda d: (d[1] - 2) // chunk_size) base_model.eval() for p in base_model.parameters(): p.requires_grad_(False) lora = BatchedTTTLoRA(batch_size, base_model, lora_rank).to(device) opt = _build_ttt_optimizer(lora, args) loss_sum = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) byte_sum = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) token_count = torch.zeros((), device=device, dtype=torch.float64) for bi in range(0, len(rank_docs), batch_size): batch = rank_docs[bi:bi + batch_size] bsz = len(batch) if bsz == batch_size: cur_lora, cur_opt = lora, opt cur_lora.reset() _reset_ttt_optimizer(cur_opt) else: cur_lora = BatchedTTTLoRA(bsz, base_model, lora_rank).to(device) cur_opt = _build_ttt_optimizer(cur_lora, args) pred_lens = [doc_len - 1 for _, doc_len in batch] num_chunks = [(pl + chunk_size - 1) // chunk_size for pl in pred_lens] max_nc = max(num_chunks) for ci in range(max_nc): chunk_stats = _compute_chunk_window(ci, (ci + 1) * chunk_size, ci + 1, chunk_size, eval_seq_len) context_size, chunk_offset = chunk_stats[1], chunk_stats[2] active = [ci < nc for nc in num_chunks] needs_train = any(ci < nc - 1 for nc in num_chunks) x = torch.zeros(bsz, context_size, dtype=torch.int64, device=device) y = torch.zeros(bsz, context_size, dtype=torch.int64, device=device) doc_info = [] # (chunk_offset, chunk_len) per doc for b in range(bsz): if not active[b]: doc_info.append((0, 0)) continue ds, dl = batch[b] ws, wl, co, cl = _compute_chunk_window(ci, pred_lens[b], num_chunks[b], chunk_size, eval_seq_len) chunk = all_tokens[ds + ws: ds + ws + wl + 1] toks = chunk.to(dtype=torch.int64, device=device) x[b, :wl] = toks[:-1] y[b, :wl] = toks[1:] doc_info.append((co, cl)) # Forward pass (keep grad graph alive only when we need to train) if needs_train: with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16): ptl = base_model(x, y, lora=cur_lora) else: with torch.no_grad(), torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16): ptl = base_model(x, y, lora=cur_lora) # Score: accumulate loss and byte counts for BPB (before training on chunk) with torch.no_grad(): for b in range(bsz): if not active[b]: continue co, cl = doc_info[b] _accumulate_bpb( ptl, x, y, b, co, cl, base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut, loss_sum, byte_sum, token_count) # Train: one Adam step on the LoRA params using this chunk's loss if needs_train: mask = torch.tensor([float(ci < num_chunks[b] - 1) for b in range(bsz)], device=device) per_doc = ptl[:, chunk_offset:chunk_offset + chunk_size].mean(dim=-1) cur_opt.zero_grad() (per_doc * mask).sum().backward() cur_opt.step() if dist.is_available() and dist.is_initialized(): dist.all_reduce(loss_sum, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) dist.all_reduce(byte_sum, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) dist.all_reduce(token_count, op=dist.ReduceOp.SUM) val_loss = float(loss_sum.item() / token_count.item()) val_bpb = float((loss_sum.item() / math.log(2.0)) / byte_sum.item()) return val_loss, val_bpb # ----------------------------- # TRAINING # ----------------------------- def main() -> None: global zeropower_via_newtonschulz5 code = Path(__file__).read_text(encoding="utf-8") args = Hyperparameters() zeropower_via_newtonschulz5 = torch.compile(zeropower_via_newtonschulz5) # ----------------------------- # DISTRIBUTED + CUDA SETUP # ----------------------------- distributed = "RANK" in os.environ and "WORLD_SIZE" in os.environ rank = int(os.environ.get("RANK", "0")) world_size = int(os.environ.get("WORLD_SIZE", "1")) local_rank = int(os.environ.get("LOCAL_RANK", "0")) if world_size <= 0: raise ValueError(f"WORLD_SIZE must be positive, got {world_size}") if 8 % world_size != 0: raise ValueError(f"WORLD_SIZE={world_size} must divide 8 so grad_accum_steps stays integral") grad_accum_steps = 8 // world_size grad_scale = 1.0 / grad_accum_steps if not torch.cuda.is_available(): raise RuntimeError("CUDA is required") device = torch.device("cuda", local_rank) torch.cuda.set_device(device) if distributed: dist.init_process_group(backend="nccl", device_id=device) dist.barrier() master_process = rank == 0 # Fast math knobs torch.backends.cuda.matmul.allow_tf32 = True torch.backends.cudnn.allow_tf32 = True from torch.backends.cuda import enable_cudnn_sdp, enable_flash_sdp, enable_math_sdp, enable_mem_efficient_sdp enable_cudnn_sdp(False) enable_flash_sdp(True) enable_mem_efficient_sdp(False) enable_math_sdp(False) logfile = None if master_process: os.makedirs("logs", exist_ok=True) logfile = f"logs/{args.run_id}.txt" print(logfile) def log0(msg: str, console: bool = True) -> None: if not master_process: return if console: print(msg) if logfile is not None: with open(logfile, "a", encoding="utf-8") as f: print(msg, file=f) log0(code, console=False) log0("=" * 100, console=False) log0(f"Running Python {sys.version}", console=False) log0(f"Running PyTorch {torch.__version__}", console=False) log0( subprocess.run(["nvidia-smi"], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True, check=False).stdout, console=False, ) log0("=" * 100, console=False) # ----------------------------- # TOKENIZER + VALIDATION METRIC SETUP # ----------------------------- random.seed(args.seed) np.random.seed(args.seed) torch.manual_seed(args.seed) torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(args.seed) if not args.tokenizer_path.endswith(".model"): raise ValueError(f"Script only setup for SentencePiece .model file: {args.tokenizer_path}") sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor(model_file=args.tokenizer_path) if int(sp.vocab_size()) != args.vocab_size: raise ValueError( f"VOCAB_SIZE={args.vocab_size} does not match tokenizer vocab_size={int(sp.vocab_size())}" ) dataset_dir = Path(args.data_path).resolve() actual_train_files = len(list(dataset_dir.glob("fineweb_train_*.bin"))) val_tokens = load_validation_tokens(args.val_files, args.train_seq_len) base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut = build_sentencepiece_luts( sp, args.vocab_size, device ) log0(f"val_bpb:enabled tokenizer_kind=sentencepiece tokenizer_path={args.tokenizer_path}") log0(f"train_loader:dataset:{dataset_dir.name} train_shards:{actual_train_files}") log0(f"val_loader:shards pattern={args.val_files} tokens:{val_tokens.numel() - 1}") # ----------------------------- # MODEL + OPTIMIZER SETUP # ----------------------------- base_model = GPT( vocab_size=args.vocab_size, num_layers=args.num_layers, model_dim=args.model_dim, num_heads=args.num_heads, num_kv_heads=args.num_kv_heads, mlp_mult=args.mlp_mult, tie_embeddings=args.tie_embeddings, tied_embed_init_std=args.tied_embed_init_std, logit_softcap=args.logit_softcap, rope_base=args.rope_base, qk_gain_init=args.qk_gain_init, ).to(device).bfloat16() for module in base_model.modules(): if isinstance(module, CastedLinear): module.float() if isinstance(module, Rotary): module.inv_freq.data = module.inv_freq.data.float() restore_low_dim_params_to_fp32(base_model) compiled_model = torch.compile(base_model, dynamic=False, fullgraph=True) model: nn.Module = DDP(compiled_model, device_ids=[local_rank], broadcast_buffers=False) if distributed else compiled_model # Optimizer split: # - token embedding (Adam) uses EMBED_LR # - untied lm_head (Adam) uses HEAD_LR # - matrix params in transformer blocks use MATRIX_LR via Muon # - vectors/scalars use SCALAR_LR via Adam block_named_params = list(base_model.blocks.named_parameters()) matrix_params = [ p for name, p in block_named_params if p.ndim == 2 and not any(pattern in name for pattern in CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS) ] scalar_params = [ p for name, p in block_named_params if p.ndim < 2 or any(pattern in name for pattern in CONTROL_TENSOR_NAME_PATTERNS) ] if base_model.skip_weights.numel() > 0: scalar_params.append(base_model.skip_weights) token_lr = args.tied_embed_lr if args.tie_embeddings else args.embed_lr optimizer_tok = torch.optim.Adam( [{"params": [base_model.tok_emb.weight], "lr": token_lr, "base_lr": token_lr}], betas=(args.beta1, args.beta2), eps=args.adam_eps, fused=True, ) optimizer_muon = Muon( matrix_params, lr=args.matrix_lr, momentum=args.muon_momentum, backend_steps=args.muon_backend_steps, ) for group in optimizer_muon.param_groups: group["base_lr"] = args.matrix_lr optimizer_scalar = torch.optim.Adam( [{"params": scalar_params, "lr": args.scalar_lr, "base_lr": args.scalar_lr}], betas=(args.beta1, args.beta2), eps=args.adam_eps, fused=True, ) optimizers: list[torch.optim.Optimizer] = [optimizer_tok, optimizer_muon, optimizer_scalar] if base_model.lm_head is not None: optimizer_head = torch.optim.Adam( [{"params": [base_model.lm_head.weight], "lr": args.head_lr, "base_lr": args.head_lr}], betas=(args.beta1, args.beta2), eps=args.adam_eps, fused=True, ) optimizers.insert(1, optimizer_head) n_params = sum(p.numel() for p in base_model.parameters()) log0(f"model_params:{n_params}") log0(f"world_size:{world_size} grad_accum_steps:{grad_accum_steps}") log0("sdp_backends:cudnn=False flash=True mem_efficient=False math=False") log0(f"attention_mode:gqa num_heads:{args.num_heads} num_kv_heads:{args.num_kv_heads}") log0( f"tie_embeddings:{args.tie_embeddings} embed_lr:{token_lr} " f"head_lr:{args.head_lr if base_model.lm_head is not None else 0.0} " f"matrix_lr:{args.matrix_lr} scalar_lr:{args.scalar_lr}" ) log0( f"train_batch_tokens:{args.train_batch_tokens} train_seq_len:{args.train_seq_len} " f"iterations:{args.iterations} warmup_steps:{args.warmup_steps} " f"max_wallclock_seconds:{args.max_wallclock_seconds:.3f}" ) log0(f"seed:{args.seed}") # ----------------------------- # DATA LOADER & MODEL WARMUP # ----------------------------- train_loader = DistributedTokenLoader(args.train_files, rank, world_size, device) def zero_grad_all() -> None: for opt in optimizers: opt.zero_grad(set_to_none=True) max_wallclock_ms = 1000.0 * args.max_wallclock_seconds if args.max_wallclock_seconds > 0 else None def lr_mul(step: int, elapsed_ms: float) -> float: if args.warmdown_iters <= 0: return 1.0 if max_wallclock_ms is None: warmdown_start = max(args.iterations - args.warmdown_iters, 0) return max((args.iterations - step) / max(args.warmdown_iters, 1), 0.0) if warmdown_start <= step < args.iterations else 1.0 step_ms = elapsed_ms / max(step, 1) warmdown_ms = args.warmdown_iters * step_ms remaining_ms = max(max_wallclock_ms - elapsed_ms, 0.0) return remaining_ms / max(warmdown_ms, 1e-9) if remaining_ms <= warmdown_ms else 1.0 # Warmup primes the compiled forward/backward/optimizer paths, then we restore the # initial weights/optimizer state so measured training starts from the true init. if args.warmup_steps > 0: initial_model_state = {name: tensor.detach().cpu().clone() for name, tensor in base_model.state_dict().items()} initial_optimizer_states = [copy.deepcopy(opt.state_dict()) for opt in optimizers] model.train() for warmup_step in range(args.warmup_steps): zero_grad_all() for micro_step in range(grad_accum_steps): if distributed: model.require_backward_grad_sync = micro_step == grad_accum_steps - 1 x, y = train_loader.next_batch(args.train_batch_tokens, args.train_seq_len, grad_accum_steps) with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16, enabled=True): warmup_loss = model(x, y) (warmup_loss * grad_scale).backward() for opt in optimizers: opt.step() zero_grad_all() if args.warmup_steps <= 20 or (warmup_step + 1) % 10 == 0 or warmup_step + 1 == args.warmup_steps: log0(f"warmup_step:{warmup_step + 1}/{args.warmup_steps}") base_model.load_state_dict(initial_model_state, strict=True) for opt, state in zip(optimizers, initial_optimizer_states, strict=True): opt.load_state_dict(state) zero_grad_all() if distributed: model.require_backward_grad_sync = True train_loader = DistributedTokenLoader(args.train_files, rank, world_size, device) # ----------------------------- # MAIN TRAINING LOOP # ----------------------------- training_time_ms = 0.0 stop_after_step: int | None = None torch.cuda.synchronize() t0 = time.perf_counter() step = 0 while True: last_step = step == args.iterations or (stop_after_step is not None and step >= stop_after_step) should_validate = last_step or (args.val_loss_every > 0 and step % args.val_loss_every == 0) if should_validate: torch.cuda.synchronize() training_time_ms += 1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t0) val_loss, val_bpb = eval_val( args, model, rank, world_size, device, grad_accum_steps, val_tokens, base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut, ) log0( f"step:{step}/{args.iterations} val_loss:{val_loss:.4f} val_bpb:{val_bpb:.4f} " f"train_time:{training_time_ms:.0f}ms step_avg:{training_time_ms / max(step, 1):.2f}ms" ) torch.cuda.synchronize() t0 = time.perf_counter() if last_step: if stop_after_step is not None and step < args.iterations: log0( f"stopping_early: wallclock_cap train_time:{training_time_ms:.0f}ms " f"step:{step}/{args.iterations}" ) break elapsed_ms = training_time_ms + 1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t0) scale = lr_mul(step, elapsed_ms) zero_grad_all() train_loss = torch.zeros((), device=device) for micro_step in range(grad_accum_steps): if distributed: model.require_backward_grad_sync = micro_step == grad_accum_steps - 1 x, y = train_loader.next_batch(args.train_batch_tokens, args.train_seq_len, grad_accum_steps) with torch.autocast(device_type="cuda", dtype=torch.bfloat16, enabled=True): loss = model(x, y) train_loss += loss.detach() (loss * grad_scale).backward() train_loss /= grad_accum_steps frac = min(step / args.muon_momentum_warmup_steps, 1.0) if args.muon_momentum_warmup_steps > 0 else 1.0 muon_momentum = (1 - frac) * args.muon_momentum_warmup_start + frac * args.muon_momentum for group in optimizer_muon.param_groups: group["momentum"] = muon_momentum for opt in optimizers: for group in opt.param_groups: group["lr"] = group["base_lr"] * scale if args.grad_clip_norm > 0: torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(base_model.parameters(), args.grad_clip_norm) for opt in optimizers: opt.step() zero_grad_all() step += 1 approx_training_time_ms = training_time_ms + 1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t0) should_log_train = ( args.train_log_every > 0 and (step <= 10 or step % args.train_log_every == 0 or stop_after_step is not None) ) if should_log_train: log0( f"step:{step}/{args.iterations} train_loss:{train_loss.item():.4f} " f"train_time:{approx_training_time_ms:.0f}ms step_avg:{approx_training_time_ms / step:.2f}ms" ) # Needed to sync whether we've reached the wallclock cap. reached_cap = max_wallclock_ms is not None and approx_training_time_ms >= max_wallclock_ms if distributed and max_wallclock_ms is not None: reached_cap_tensor = torch.tensor(int(reached_cap), device=device) dist.all_reduce(reached_cap_tensor, op=dist.ReduceOp.MAX) reached_cap = bool(reached_cap_tensor.item()) if stop_after_step is None and reached_cap: stop_after_step = step log0( f"peak memory allocated: {torch.cuda.max_memory_allocated() // 1024 // 1024} MiB " f"reserved: {torch.cuda.max_memory_reserved() // 1024 // 1024} MiB" ) # ----------------------------- # SERIALIZATION + ROUNDTRIP VALIDATION # ----------------------------- # Save the raw state (useful for debugging/loading in PyTorch directly), then always produce # the compressed int8+zlib artifact and validate the round-tripped weights. if master_process: torch.save(base_model.state_dict(), "final_model.pt") model_bytes = os.path.getsize("final_model.pt") code_bytes = len(code.encode("utf-8")) log0(f"Serialized model: {model_bytes} bytes") log0(f"Code size: {code_bytes} bytes") log0(f"Total submission size: {model_bytes + code_bytes} bytes") quant_obj, quant_stats = quantize_state_dict_int8(base_model.state_dict()) quant_buf = io.BytesIO() torch.save(quant_obj, quant_buf) quant_raw = quant_buf.getvalue() quant_blob = zlib.compress(quant_raw, level=9) quant_raw_bytes = len(quant_raw) if master_process: with open("final_model.int8.ptz", "wb") as f: f.write(quant_blob) quant_file_bytes = os.path.getsize("final_model.int8.ptz") code_bytes = len(code.encode("utf-8")) ratio = quant_stats["baseline_tensor_bytes"] / max(quant_stats["int8_payload_bytes"], 1) log0( f"Serialized model int8+zlib: {quant_file_bytes} bytes " f"(payload:{quant_stats['int8_payload_bytes']} raw_torch:{quant_raw_bytes} payload_ratio:{ratio:.2f}x)" ) log0(f"Total submission size int8+zlib: {quant_file_bytes + code_bytes} bytes") if distributed: dist.barrier() with open("final_model.int8.ptz", "rb") as f: quant_blob_disk = f.read() quant_state = torch.load(io.BytesIO(zlib.decompress(quant_blob_disk)), map_location="cpu") base_model.load_state_dict(dequantize_state_dict_int8(quant_state), strict=True) torch.cuda.synchronize() t_qeval = time.perf_counter() q_val_loss, q_val_bpb = eval_val( args, model, rank, world_size, device, grad_accum_steps, val_tokens, base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut, ) torch.cuda.synchronize() log0( f"final_int8_zlib_roundtrip val_loss:{q_val_loss:.4f} val_bpb:{q_val_bpb:.4f} " f"eval_time:{1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t_qeval):.0f}ms" ) log0(f"final_int8_zlib_roundtrip_exact val_loss:{q_val_loss:.8f} val_bpb:{q_val_bpb:.8f}") # LoRA test-time training evaluation (the competition score) torch._dynamo.reset() torch.cuda.synchronize() t_ttt = time.perf_counter() ttt_val_loss, ttt_val_bpb = eval_val_ttt_lora( args, base_model, rank, world_size, device, base_bytes_lut, has_leading_space_lut, is_boundary_token_lut, ) torch.cuda.synchronize() log0( f"final_int8_ttt_lora val_loss:{ttt_val_loss:.4f} val_bpb:{ttt_val_bpb:.4f} " f"eval_time:{1000.0 * (time.perf_counter() - t_ttt):.0f}ms" ) if distributed: dist.destroy_process_group() if __name__ == "__main__": main() ==================================================================================================== Running Python 3.10.12 (main, Jan 8 2026, 06:52:19) [GCC 11.4.0] Running PyTorch 2.7.1+cu128 Thu Mar 19 00:44:40 2026 +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | NVIDIA-SMI 570.211.01 Driver Version: 570.211.01 CUDA Version: 12.8 | |-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+ | GPU Name Persistence-M | Bus-Id Disp.A | Volatile Uncorr. ECC | | Fan Temp Perf Pwr:Usage/Cap | Memory-Usage | GPU-Util Compute M. | | | | MIG M. | |=========================================+========================+======================| | 0 NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 On | 00000000:04:00.0 Off | 0 | | N/A 39C P0 109W / 700W | 1449MiB / 81559MiB | 0% Default | | | | Disabled | +-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+ | 1 NVIDIA H100 80GB HBM3 On | 00000000:05:00.0 Off | 0 | | N/A 36C P0 112W / 700W | 1449MiB / 81559MiB | 0% Default | | | | Disabled | +-----------------------------------------+------------------------+----------------------+ +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ | Processes: | | GPU GI CI PID Type Process name GPU Memory | | ID ID Usage | |=========================================================================================| | 0 N/A N/A 31626 C /usr/bin/python3 1440MiB | | 1 N/A N/A 31627 C /usr/bin/python3 1440MiB | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+ ==================================================================================================== val_bpb:enabled tokenizer_kind=sentencepiece tokenizer_path=./data/tokenizers/fineweb_1024_bpe.model train_loader:dataset:fineweb10B_sp1024 train_shards:25 val_loader:shards pattern=./data/datasets/fineweb10B_sp1024/fineweb_val_*.bin tokens:62021632 model_params:17059912 world_size:2 grad_accum_steps:4 sdp_backends:cudnn=False flash=True mem_efficient=False math=False attention_mode:gqa num_heads:8 num_kv_heads:4 tie_embeddings:True embed_lr:0.05 head_lr:0.0 matrix_lr:0.04 scalar_lr:0.04 train_batch_tokens:524288 train_seq_len:1024 iterations:20000 warmup_steps:20 max_wallclock_seconds:2400.000 seed:1337 warmup_step:1/20 warmup_step:2/20 warmup_step:3/20 warmup_step:4/20 warmup_step:5/20 warmup_step:6/20 warmup_step:7/20 warmup_step:8/20 warmup_step:9/20 warmup_step:10/20 warmup_step:11/20 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train_loss:3.3540 train_time:16978ms step_avg:169.78ms step:150/20000 train_loss:3.0452 train_time:25470ms step_avg:169.80ms step:200/20000 train_loss:2.7877 train_time:33973ms step_avg:169.87ms step:200/20000 val_loss:2.8495 val_bpb:1.6877 train_time:33975ms step_avg:169.87ms step:250/20000 train_loss:2.7531 train_time:42463ms step_avg:169.85ms step:300/20000 train_loss:2.5894 train_time:50946ms step_avg:169.82ms step:350/20000 train_loss:2.6244 train_time:59430ms step_avg:169.80ms step:400/20000 train_loss:2.3761 train_time:67946ms step_avg:169.87ms step:400/20000 val_loss:2.5684 val_bpb:1.5211 train_time:67947ms step_avg:169.87ms step:450/20000 train_loss:2.4938 train_time:76426ms step_avg:169.84ms step:500/20000 train_loss:2.4739 train_time:84902ms step_avg:169.80ms step:550/20000 train_loss:2.3493 train_time:93378ms step_avg:169.78ms step:600/20000 train_loss:2.5328 train_time:101915ms step_avg:169.86ms step:600/20000 val_loss:2.4503 val_bpb:1.4512 train_time:101916ms 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step:13300/20000 train_loss:2.1376 train_time:2252603ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13350/20000 train_loss:2.0734 train_time:2261062ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13400/20000 train_loss:2.1114 train_time:2269588ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13400/20000 val_loss:2.0854 val_bpb:1.2351 train_time:2269590ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13450/20000 train_loss:2.1410 train_time:2278042ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13500/20000 train_loss:2.0551 train_time:2286500ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13550/20000 train_loss:2.0534 train_time:2294976ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13600/20000 train_loss:2.0784 train_time:2303429ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13600/20000 val_loss:2.0778 val_bpb:1.2306 train_time:2303431ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13650/20000 train_loss:2.0752 train_time:2311884ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13700/20000 train_loss:2.1112 train_time:2320335ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13750/20000 train_loss:2.0833 train_time:2328810ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13800/20000 train_loss:2.0605 train_time:2337262ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13800/20000 val_loss:2.0705 val_bpb:1.2263 train_time:2337263ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13850/20000 train_loss:2.0858 train_time:2345717ms step_avg:169.37ms step:13900/20000 train_loss:2.0457 train_time:2354171ms step_avg:169.36ms step:13950/20000 train_loss:2.1323 train_time:2362671ms step_avg:169.37ms step:14000/20000 train_loss:2.0190 train_time:2371126ms step_avg:169.37ms step:14000/20000 val_loss:2.0635 val_bpb:1.2221 train_time:2371127ms step_avg:169.37ms step:14050/20000 train_loss:2.0494 train_time:2379579ms step_avg:169.37ms step:14100/20000 train_loss:2.0507 train_time:2388034ms step_avg:169.36ms step:14150/20000 train_loss:2.0924 train_time:2396555ms step_avg:169.37ms step:14171/20000 val_loss:2.0593 val_bpb:1.2197 train_time:2400107ms step_avg:169.37ms stopping_early: wallclock_cap train_time:2400107ms step:14171/20000 peak memory allocated: 10334 MiB reserved: 10348 MiB Serialized model: 67224983 bytes Code size: 47686 bytes Total submission size: 67272669 bytes Serialized model int8+zlib: 15815345 bytes (payload:17178912 raw_torch:17224025 payload_ratio:3.91x) Total submission size int8+zlib: 15863031 bytes final_int8_zlib_roundtrip val_loss:2.0723 val_bpb:1.2274 eval_time:1375ms final_int8_zlib_roundtrip_exact val_loss:2.07234577 val_bpb:1.22735990 final_ttt_lora val_loss:2.0139 val_bpb:1.1927 eval_time:60031ms