2026-08-29T18:42:31.692423
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Matplotlib v3.10.8, https://matplotlib.org/
Clean
Raw
SDIL
Oracle
0
20
40
60
80
100
Task accuracy (%)
(a) Dual Propagation · CIFAR-10
100% of clean gap recovered
Clean
Same-RMS
noise
Raw
Static
calibration
SDIL
Oracle
(b) Equilibrium Propagation · FashionMNIST
96% of clean gap recovered
Clean
Same-RMS
noise
Raw
Static
calibration
SDIL
0
20
40
60
80
100
Task accuracy (%)
(c) Coupled learning · 32 edges
100% of clean gap recovered
Clean
Raw
SDIL
(d) Overclamped coupled learning · 32 edges
100% of clean gap recovered
Dual Prop/EP: 5 seeds; coupled learners: 40 tasks × 3 device draws