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geography
- Shia Islam (Ilkhanate) spreads via maritime trade to Aceh and SE Asian coasts
- Aceh becomes Shia (not Sunni) — Ilkhanate proxy at Malacca Strait entrance
- Egypt: Shia rulers vs Sunni population tension (parallels Great Khanate religious split)
- Sunni Islam: centered on Tunisia (Hafsid caliphate) + Central Asian remnants
- SE Asian religious geography table: Chinese zones (Buddhist/Confucian), Shia coast, Theravada interior, animist periphery
- Islam section restructured as three-way split: Shia (Ilkhanate), Sunni (N.Africa/C.Asia), decentralized
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Protectorate
Post-Timur Central Asian partition (~1410-1430):
- Great Khanate recovers Kazakhstan steppe + W. Siberia (to Syr Darya line)
- Ilkhanate absorbs Khorasan + W. Afghanistan
- Khoqand Khanate (Timurid remnant) holds Transoxiana
- Timurid-Indian dynasty in N. India (proto-Mughal)
- Eastern Chagatai remnant in western Xinjiang
Song Western Protectorate (西域都护府):
- Eastern Xinjiang as military governor fiefdoms
- Redirects northern military officials to frontier (eases internal tension)
- Tang Anxi precedent acknowledged, checks implemented
Song SE Asian Empire (5-tier system):
- Tier 1: Vietnam, Burma, Malacca (direct provinces)
- Tier 2: Xuanweisi (key ports, resource zones)
- Tier 3: Autonomous Chinese polities (Borneo, Sumatra, Philippines)
- Tier 4: Tributary kingdoms (Siam, Khmer)
- Tier 5: Trading posts (Moluccas, N. Australia)
Australia discovered ~1400, iron ore impact is V3-era issue
Northern Silk Road confirmed dead, trade route table updated
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Timur (~1370-1405):
- Unifies Chagatai, breaks from Great Khanate
- Cannot conquer Ilkhanate (too strong/modernized)
- Sacks India, vassalizes Mongol Khanate, allies with Tibet vs Song
- Supports Egypt semi-independence against Ilkhanate
Ilkhanate revised: strongest period, approaching industrialization
- 100yr Silk Road wealth + Persian bureaucracy + Shia centralization
- Closest to industrialization outside Song
Western Europe:
- No Avignon Captivity → no Great Schism (Papacy stable in Rome)
- Hussite movement becomes pure religious reform, spreads across borders
- Greater Germany: confederation with monarchy vs republic as core tension
- Castile: Pedro I survives (no Trastámara), more tolerant kingdom
- Portugal: Avis crisis proceeds as historical → Atlantic orientation
- Plantagenet France: consolidating, potential Papacy tensions developing
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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industrialization spectrum
- Novgorod: autonomy attempt crushed, veche abolished, Mongol prince installed
- Greater Germany: formal independence from Great Khanate (~1360s-1370s)
- Industrialization spectrum: Song leading, Ilkhanate/Germany/Italy importing, Great Khanate blocked by serfdom
- Levant triangle: Byzantine-Ilkhanate-Egypt proxy conflict over Syria
- Kalmar Union formally established (earlier than historical 1397)
- Plantagenet France: recovering, Scotland de facto independent
- Song: North-South crisis building toward ~1450-1500 eruption
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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1350 Black Death consequences:
- Song: moderate demographic hit but severe political "Mandate" crisis
- SE Asia: catastrophic depopulation, Chinese settlers fill vacuum
- Great Khanate: economic crisis → disastrous policies → northern Silk Road dies
- Germany: independence movement triggered by tribute demands
- Ilkhanate: survives, gains trade monopoly as routes shift south
- Italy: becomes Europe's new eastern trade gateway
Great Khanate internal fractures (new section):
- Post-plague economic transformation: trade empire → serfdom empire
- Rus identity fragments into 5+ distinct groups
- Novgorod divergence: economic reorientation toward Germany, religious split
- Religious schism: Volga Mongolized Orthodoxy vs Constantinople Orthodoxy
- Agricultural pivot: Mongol landlords + Slavic serfs in Ukraine/Hungary
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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- Hexi Corridor confirmed as Song territory (direct Silk Road access)
- Complete trade route map: 4 routes, Ilkhanate profits from 3, Mongol Khanate excluded from all
- Song SE Asian colonization: layered system (xuanweisi → trading posts → settler polities → tributaries)
- Japan: silver island, no Mongol invasion, less centralized but economically important
- Korea: Song tributary state
- India: Delhi Sultanate, Chagatai pressure manageable, Song economic penetration beginning
- Tibet: independent, low Song priority
- Mongol Khanate: fully marginalized, future economic semi-colony
- Great Khanate Orthodoxy: Mongolized sect, rejects Constantinople authority
- Little Ice Age effects: accelerates Song southern crisis and SE Asian colonization
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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(Mongol Ulus)
- Volga-centered empire: Great Khanate (大汗国), claiming supreme authority
- Mongolia homeland state (Tolui line): Mongol Khanate (蒙古汗国), claiming Genghis Khan's legitimate succession
- Updated all references throughout the document
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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- Ilkhanate: Islamicized by 1300, Persian bureaucratic backbone
- Egypt: Mongol military elite replaces Turkic Mamluks, part of Ilkhanate
- Islamic world: decentralized, no caliphate, Hafsid Tunisia as potential Sunni center
- Shia Islam gains space under indifferent Mongol rule
- Added complete 1300 world powers summary table
- All regions now defined at 1300 checkpoint
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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- Plantagenet France: England claims French crown, capital moves to Paris
- Burgundy: independent French-speaking state (Capetian cadet branch)
- Iberia split: Aragon (Mediterranean + Languedoc), Castile (Atlantic), Portugal
- Granada survives as Castilian tributary
- Italy: no divergence yet at 1300
- Reorganized open questions by timeline phase
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Song Dynasty avoids Jingkang Incident, industrializes northern frontier.
Mongols redirected westward, creating Mongol-Rus Empire centered on Volga.
Covers: Mongol conquests, empire structure, succession crisis, vassal states,
Western Europe, trade routes, religion, and open questions for further discussion.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
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