Round 40 §4 update: cos-vs-acc 3-part proposition (Observation / Inference / Mechanism hypothesis)

Codex round 40 recommended turning the Mode 2 dissociation from empirical
curiosity into a methodological claim via a 3-part proposition:

1. Observation: CB+pen and DFA+pen reach same acc despite 4x deep-cos gap;
   SB+pen best acc with intermediate cos
2. Inference: layerwise BP-cosine is NECESSARY to rule out grossly wrong
   credit signals but NOT SUFFICIENT to certify usable credit for depth
3. Mechanism hypothesis: usefulness depends on whether local updates induce
   coordinated forward-state change across blocks, not just angular agreement
   with BP

Method framing (codex-approved safer versions):
- CB = 'gradient-direction surrogate' (high angular agreement, low functional
  credit)
- SB = 'state-level downstream teaching signal' (lower angular agreement,
  higher functional credit)
- Explicitly framed as HYPOTHESIS not theorem

Main content still 9 pages exactly (within E&D limit).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

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@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ A second metric with different numerical failure modes tells the same story. Cos
 
 Per-layer reporting is therefore not cosmetic. In ResMLP under vanilla DFA, the headline aggregate alignment $\Gamma \approx 0.07$--$0.10$ can look mildly positive only because layer $0$ remains strongly aligned while the deep network is not: at the same early checkpoints where layers $1$--$4$ are essentially zero, layer $0$ has cosine $+0.42$, $+0.45$, and $+0.39$ across seeds (Table~\ref{tab:mode_validation}). The resulting average can therefore be driven by the embedding layer even when the interior blocks are effectively unaligned, so aggregate reporting obscures the very distinction needed to separate ``measurement collapse'' from ``poor credit direction.'' This layer-$0$ dominance is specific to the ResMLP DFA setting; on ViT-Mini DFA, all layers are near zero, which strengthens the broader methodological point that alignment should be reported per layer rather than only in aggregate. With the two modes separated observationally, the remaining question is whether intervention can move them independently.
 
-Mode~2 has method-dependent severity within the audited fixed-feedback family once Mode~1 is alleviated. Applying the same per-block scale-control penalty $\lambda{=}10^{-2}$ that rescued DFA to State Bridge and to Credit Bridge on the same 4-block $d{=}256$ ResMLP backbone over $30$ epochs and three seeds gives converged test accuracies of $0.453 \pm 0.003$ (SB) and $0.360 \pm 0.003$ (CB), with deep mean cosines of $+0.322 \pm 0.007$ (SB) and $+0.679 \pm 0.008$ (CB) and deep mean $\rho$ of $+0.402 \pm 0.015$ (SB) and $+0.464 \pm 0.025$ (CB), while DFA under the same intervention reaches $0.363 \pm 0.001$ with deep cosine $+0.155 \pm 0.025$ and deep $\rho$ $+0.080 \pm 0.011$ (Table~\ref{tab:mode_validation}; Appendix~\ref{app:sb_penalty}). The State Bridge penalty rescue is roughly $24$ percentage points above the vanilla State Bridge baseline of $0.213$ on the same architecture and, more importantly for the paper's central walk-back, exceeds the architecture-matched frozen-blocks shallow baseline of $0.349$ by $+10.4$ percentage points. State Bridge with the penalty intervention is therefore the first audited non-BP method whose trained deep blocks substantively improve over an architecture-matched random-block baseline; the headline accuracy gap is comparable to BP+penalty's $+18.1$ pp over the same shallow baseline. Neither the activation scale nor the deep BP gradient magnitude is silenced under the penalty: $\|h_L\|$ stays at $302 \pm 8$ for SB and $5680 \pm 178$ for CB, with $\|g_L\|$ at $\sim\!1.8\times 10^{-4}$ and $\sim\!1.9\times 10^{-5}$ respectively, both well within the meaningful-measurement regime, so the recovered deep cosines are computed against an informative reference and not against a numerical floor. Within this rescued regime, Credit Bridge has roughly $4\times$ the deep cosine of DFA and $2\times$ the deep cosine of State Bridge but reaches the same final accuracy as DFA and $9$ percentage points below State Bridge, so alignment to the BP gradient is a necessary but not sufficient diagnostic of usable credit for depth. This cross-method dissociation strengthens the methodological point that alignment must be reported jointly with measurement validity and a depth-utilization baseline rather than as a single headline number.
+Mode~2 has method-dependent severity within the audited fixed-feedback family once Mode~1 is alleviated. Applying the same per-block scale-control penalty $\lambda{=}10^{-2}$ that rescued DFA to State Bridge and to Credit Bridge on the same 4-block $d{=}256$ ResMLP backbone over $30$ epochs and three seeds gives converged test accuracies of $0.453 \pm 0.003$ (SB) and $0.360 \pm 0.003$ (CB), with deep mean cosines of $+0.322 \pm 0.007$ (SB) and $+0.679 \pm 0.008$ (CB) and deep mean $\rho$ of $+0.402 \pm 0.015$ (SB) and $+0.464 \pm 0.025$ (CB), while DFA under the same intervention reaches $0.363 \pm 0.001$ with deep cosine $+0.155 \pm 0.025$ and deep $\rho$ $+0.080 \pm 0.011$ (Table~\ref{tab:mode_validation}; Appendix~\ref{app:sb_penalty}). The State Bridge penalty rescue is roughly $24$ percentage points above the vanilla State Bridge baseline of $0.213$ on the same architecture and, more importantly for the paper's central walk-back, exceeds the architecture-matched frozen-blocks shallow baseline of $0.349$ by $+10.4$ percentage points. State Bridge with the penalty intervention is therefore the first audited non-BP method whose trained deep blocks substantively improve over an architecture-matched random-block baseline; the headline accuracy gap is comparable to BP+penalty's $+18.1$ pp over the same shallow baseline. Neither the activation scale nor the deep BP gradient magnitude is silenced under the penalty: $\|h_L\|$ stays at $302 \pm 8$ for SB and $5680 \pm 178$ for CB, with $\|g_L\|$ at $\sim\!1.8\times 10^{-4}$ and $\sim\!1.9\times 10^{-5}$ respectively, both well within the meaningful-measurement regime, so the recovered deep cosines are computed against an informative reference and not against a numerical floor. Within this rescued regime, the three methods reveal a clean cosine-versus-accuracy dissociation. Credit Bridge achieves roughly $4\times$ the deep cosine of DFA and $2\times$ that of State Bridge, yet its final accuracy matches DFA's and is $9$ percentage points below State Bridge's. We therefore frame the Mode~2 reading as a three-part proposition. \emph{Observation}: under the same intervention and matched training budget, CB and DFA reach the same accuracy despite a $4\times$ deep-cosine gap, while SB is the best accuracy with intermediate cosine. \emph{Inference}: layerwise cosine to the BP gradient is necessary to rule out grossly wrong credit signals (it distinguishes the rescued regime from the clamp-dominated vanilla regime), but it is not sufficient to certify that the supplied signal is useful credit for depth. \emph{Mechanism hypothesis}: usefulness depends on whether the local update induces useful forward-state change across blocks, not merely whether its direction is close to the BP gradient in angle. Under this reading, CB supplies a gradient-direction surrogate that aligns with BP in angle but does not translate to a coordinated forward-state improvement, while State Bridge supplies a state-level downstream teaching signal that preserves aspects of useful credit which layerwise cosine does not measure. We state this as a mechanism hypothesis rather than a theorem because we have measured the angle-to-accuracy gap but not the full functional-credit content; the reporting rule that follows is robust to either interpretation. This cross-method dissociation strengthens the methodological point that alignment must be reported jointly with measurement validity and a depth-utilization baseline rather than as a single headline number.
 
 \section{Intervention and Cross-Architecture Evidence}
 \label{sec:validation}