Add CNN baseline: SmallCNN with BP/DFA/EP on CIFAR-10

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>

1 files changed, 600 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/experiments/cnn_baseline.py b/experiments/cnn_baseline.py
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+++ b/experiments/cnn_baseline.py
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+"""
+CNN baseline for CIFAR-10: BP / DFA / EP on a small ConvNet.
+One method+seed per invocation for clean process isolation.
+
+Architecture:
+  Conv2d(3,32,3,padding=1) -> ReLU
+  Conv2d(32,64,3,padding=1) -> ReLU -> MaxPool(2)   [32->16]
+  Conv2d(64,128,3,padding=1) -> ReLU -> MaxPool(2)   [16->8]
+  flatten -> FC(128*8*8=8192, 256) -> ReLU -> FC(256, 10)
+
+Blocks (for local update):
+  block 0 : Conv1 (Conv2d 3->32)
+  block 1 : Conv2 (Conv2d 32->64) + MaxPool
+  block 2 : Conv3 (Conv2d 64->128) + MaxPool
+  block 3 : FC1   (Linear 8192->256)
+  block 4 : FC2   (Linear 256->10)  -- output head, always trained with loss
+
+Hidden states (post-activation, for credit):
+  h0 : (B, 32, 32, 32)  after Conv1+ReLU
+  h1 : (B, 64, 16, 16)  after Conv2+ReLU+MaxPool
+  h2 : (B, 128, 8, 8)   after Conv3+ReLU+MaxPool
+  h3 : (B, 256)          after flatten+FC1+ReLU
+
+DFA: flatten each h_l to (B, d_l), random feedback B_l: (d_l, 10)
+EP:  energy E = sum_l 0.5 ||h_{l+1} - F_l(h_l)||^2 adapted for CNN
+
+Usage: python cnn_baseline.py --method bp --seed 42 --gpu 0
+Output: results/cnn_baseline/{method}_s{seed}.json  +  .pt checkpoint
+"""
+
+import os, sys, json, argparse
+import numpy as np
+import torch
+import torch.nn as nn
+import torch.nn.functional as F
+import torch.optim as optim
+from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
+
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))))
+from metrics.credit_metrics import cosine_similarity_batch, perturbation_correlation
+import torchvision, torchvision.transforms as transforms
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Data
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def get_cifar10(bs=128):
+    tt = transforms.Compose([
+        transforms.RandomCrop(32, padding=4),
+        transforms.RandomHorizontalFlip(),
+        transforms.ToTensor(),
+        transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2470, 0.2435, 0.2616)),
+    ])
+    tv = transforms.Compose([
+        transforms.ToTensor(),
+        transforms.Normalize((0.4914, 0.4822, 0.4465), (0.2470, 0.2435, 0.2616)),
+    ])
+    trl = DataLoader(
+        torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10('./data', True, download=True, transform=tt),
+        bs, True, num_workers=4, pin_memory=True)
+    tel = DataLoader(
+        torchvision.datasets.CIFAR10('./data', False, download=True, transform=tv),
+        bs, False, num_workers=4, pin_memory=True)
+    return trl, tel
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Model
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+class SmallCNN(nn.Module):
+    """
+    A small 3-conv CNN for CIFAR-10.
+
+    Blocks (nn.Module list, mirrors the 5-block treatment):
+      blocks[0] : Conv1 layer  (Conv2d 3->32, BN, ReLU)
+      blocks[1] : Conv2 layer  (Conv2d 32->64, BN, ReLU, MaxPool)
+      blocks[2] : Conv3 layer  (Conv2d 64->128, BN, ReLU, MaxPool)
+      blocks[3] : FC1  layer   (Linear 8192->256, ReLU)
+      out_head  : FC2  layer   (Linear 256->10)
+
+    forward(x, return_hidden=False):
+      returns logits, or (logits, [h0, h1, h2, h3]) when return_hidden=True.
+      h_l are post-activation tensors; h3 is (B,256) flat.
+    """
+    # flat dim of each hidden state
+    FLAT_DIMS = [32 * 32 * 32, 64 * 16 * 16, 128 * 8 * 8, 256]
+    NUM_BLOCKS = 4   # conv1, conv2, conv3, fc1   (out_head is separate)
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.blocks = nn.ModuleList([
+            # block 0: Conv1
+            nn.Sequential(
+                nn.Conv2d(3, 32, 3, padding=1),
+                nn.BatchNorm2d(32),
+                nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            ),
+            # block 1: Conv2 + MaxPool
+            nn.Sequential(
+                nn.Conv2d(32, 64, 3, padding=1),
+                nn.BatchNorm2d(64),
+                nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+                nn.MaxPool2d(2),
+            ),
+            # block 2: Conv3 + MaxPool
+            nn.Sequential(
+                nn.Conv2d(64, 128, 3, padding=1),
+                nn.BatchNorm2d(128),
+                nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+                nn.MaxPool2d(2),
+            ),
+            # block 3: FC1
+            nn.Sequential(
+                nn.Linear(128 * 8 * 8, 256),
+                nn.ReLU(inplace=True),
+            ),
+        ])
+        self.out_head = nn.Linear(256, 10)
+        self.num_blocks = self.NUM_BLOCKS
+        self.flat_dims = self.FLAT_DIMS
+
+    def forward(self, x, return_hidden=False):
+        """
+        x: (B, 3, 32, 32)
+        Returns logits (B,10), optionally with list of 4 hidden states.
+        h0: (B,32,32,32)  h1: (B,64,16,16)  h2: (B,128,8,8)  h3: (B,256)
+        """
+        h0 = self.blocks[0](x)          # (B, 32, 32, 32)
+        h1 = self.blocks[1](h0)         # (B, 64, 16, 16)
+        h2 = self.blocks[2](h1)         # (B, 128, 8, 8)
+        h3 = self.blocks[3](h2.flatten(1))  # (B, 256)
+        logits = self.out_head(h3)       # (B, 10)
+        if return_hidden:
+            return logits, [h0, h1, h2, h3]
+        return logits
+
+    def forward_from(self, h, layer_idx):
+        """
+        Run the network from hidden state h at layer `layer_idx` to logits.
+        layer_idx in {0, 1, 2, 3}  (0=after block0, 3=after block3).
+        h should be the post-activation tensor at that layer.
+        """
+        c = h
+        for i in range(layer_idx + 1, self.num_blocks):
+            if i == 3:
+                c = self.blocks[i](c.flatten(1) if c.dim() > 2 else c)
+            else:
+                c = self.blocks[i](c)
+        if c.dim() > 2:
+            c = c.flatten(1)
+        logits = self.out_head(c if c.dim() == 2 else c.flatten(1))
+        return logits
+
+
+def evaluate(model, loader, dev):
+    model.eval()
+    correct, total = 0, 0
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        for x, y in loader:
+            x, y = x.to(dev), y.to(dev)
+            correct += (model(x).argmax(1) == y).sum().item()
+            total += x.size(0)
+    return correct / total
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Helper: flatten hidden state for credit computation
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def flat(h):
+    """Flatten spatial dims: (B, C, H, W) -> (B, C*H*W)  or  (B, D) -> (B, D)."""
+    return h.flatten(1) if h.dim() > 2 else h
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Training: BP
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def train_bp(model, trl, tel, dev, epochs=100, lr=1e-3, wd=0.01):
+    opt = optim.AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=lr, weight_decay=wd)
+    sch = optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(opt, T_max=epochs)
+    for ep in range(1, epochs + 1):
+        model.train()
+        for x, y in trl:
+            x, y = x.to(dev), y.to(dev)
+            F.cross_entropy(model(x), y).backward()
+            opt.step()
+            opt.zero_grad()
+        sch.step()
+        if ep % 20 == 0:
+            print(f"  Ep {ep}: acc={evaluate(model, tel, dev):.4f}", flush=True)
+    return model
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Training: DFA
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def train_dfa(model, trl, tel, dev, epochs=100, lr=1e-3, wd=0.01):
+    """
+    Direct Feedback Alignment for CNN.
+
+    For each block l, a random matrix B_l: (flat_dim_l, 10) maps the global
+    error signal e_T (softmax-CE gradient at output) back to the hidden space.
+    The local surrogate loss is:
+        L_l = < F_l(h_{l-1}),  a_l / ||a_l||_rms >
+    where  a_l = B_l @ e_T  (flattened credit, then reshaped if needed).
+    The out_head is trained with standard cross-entropy on the final hidden state.
+    """
+    L = model.num_blocks   # 4 blocks (conv1, conv2, conv3, fc1)
+    C = 10
+    flat_dims = model.flat_dims  # [32768, 16384, 8192, 256]
+
+    # Random feedback matrices (fixed, not trained)
+    Bs = [torch.randn(flat_dims[l], C, device=dev) / np.sqrt(C) for l in range(L)]
+
+    # Per-block optimizers + head optimizer
+    block_opts = [optim.AdamW(model.blocks[l].parameters(), lr=lr, weight_decay=wd) for l in range(L)]
+    head_opt = optim.AdamW(model.out_head.parameters(), lr=lr, weight_decay=wd)
+    all_opts = block_opts + [head_opt]
+    schedulers = [optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(o, T_max=epochs) for o in all_opts]
+
+    for ep in range(1, epochs + 1):
+        model.train()
+        for x, y in trl:
+            x, y = x.to(dev), y.to(dev)
+            B = x.size(0)
+
+            # Forward pass (no grad) to get hidden states and global error
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                logits, hiddens = model(x, return_hidden=True)
+                probs = logits.softmax(-1)              # (B, 10)
+                e_T = probs.clone()
+                e_T[torch.arange(B), y] -= 1.0         # (B, 10)
+
+            # --- Train out_head with standard CE on detached h3 ---
+            h3_det = hiddens[3].detach()
+            ce_loss = F.cross_entropy(model.out_head(h3_det), y)
+            head_opt.zero_grad()
+            ce_loss.backward()
+            head_opt.step()
+
+            # --- Train each block with DFA local surrogate ---
+            # For conv blocks (l=0,1,2) we need to re-run the block forward
+            # starting from the *previous* hidden state.
+            # The "input" to block l is:
+            #   l=0: x   (raw input image)
+            #   l=1: h0
+            #   l=2: h1
+            #   l=3: h2 (flattened)
+
+            inputs = [x, hiddens[0].detach(), hiddens[1].detach(), hiddens[2].detach()]
+
+            for l in range(L):
+                # Compute DFA credit signal (flattened)
+                a_l_flat = (e_T @ Bs[l].T).detach()       # (B, flat_dim_l)
+                rms = (a_l_flat ** 2).mean(-1, keepdim=True).sqrt() + 1e-6
+                a_l_norm = a_l_flat / rms                  # (B, flat_dim_l)
+
+                # Forward through block l with grad
+                inp = inputs[l].detach()
+                if l == 3:
+                    out_l = model.blocks[l](inp.flatten(1) if inp.dim() > 2 else inp)
+                else:
+                    out_l = model.blocks[l](inp)
+
+                # Local surrogate: <F_l(inp), a_l_norm>  (summed over spatial, averaged over batch)
+                out_flat = flat(out_l)                     # (B, flat_dim_l)
+                local_loss = (out_flat * a_l_norm).sum(-1).mean()
+
+                block_opts[l].zero_grad()
+                local_loss.backward()
+                torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.blocks[l].parameters(), 1.0)
+                block_opts[l].step()
+
+        for s in schedulers:
+            s.step()
+        if ep % 20 == 0:
+            print(f"  Ep {ep}: acc={evaluate(model, tel, dev):.4f}", flush=True)
+
+    return model
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Training: EP (Equilibrium Propagation adapted for CNN)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def ep_energy_cnn(model, hiddens, x):
+    """
+    CNN EP energy: E = sum_l 0.5 ||h_l - F_l(inp_l)||^2  (flattened).
+
+    hiddens[0] = h0 (B,32,32,32) -- target for block 0 applied to x
+    hiddens[1] = h1 (B,64,16,16) -- target for block 1 applied to h0
+    hiddens[2] = h2 (B,128,8,8)  -- target for block 2 applied to h1
+    hiddens[3] = h3 (B,256)       -- target for block 3 applied to h2.flatten
+    """
+    inputs = [x, hiddens[0], hiddens[1], hiddens[2]]
+    E = 0.0
+    for l in range(model.num_blocks):
+        inp = inputs[l]
+        if l == 3:
+            pred = model.blocks[l](inp.flatten(1) if inp.dim() > 2 else inp)
+        else:
+            pred = model.blocks[l](inp)
+        # Compare flattened versions
+        pred_f = flat(pred)
+        h_f = flat(hiddens[l])
+        residual = h_f - pred_f                            # (B, d_l)
+        E = E + 0.5 * (residual ** 2).sum(-1)             # (B,)
+    return E
+
+
+def ep_nudged_phase_cnn(model, x, y, h_free, beta, T_nudge, alpha_nudge):
+    """
+    Nudged phase: minimize E(h) + beta * CE(out_head(h3), y)
+    w.r.t. h0, h1, h2, h3 (all free hidden states).
+    x is fixed (pixel input, not a hidden state).
+    """
+    L = model.num_blocks
+    # Initialise from free phase
+    h_nudged = [h.clone().detach() for h in h_free]
+    for i in range(L):
+        h_nudged[i].requires_grad_(True)
+
+    inner_opt = optim.SGD(h_nudged, lr=alpha_nudge)
+
+    for _ in range(T_nudge):
+        E = ep_energy_cnn(model, h_nudged, x)             # (B,)
+        logits = model.out_head(h_nudged[3])               # (B, 10)
+        C_loss = F.cross_entropy(logits, y, reduction='none')  # (B,)
+        total = (E + beta * C_loss).mean()
+        inner_opt.zero_grad()
+        total.backward()
+        inner_opt.step()
+
+    return [h.detach() for h in h_nudged]
+
+
+def train_ep(model, trl, tel, dev, epochs=100, lr=1e-3, wd=0.01,
+             beta=0.5, T_nudge=20, alpha_nudge=0.05):
+    """
+    Equilibrium Propagation for the small CNN.
+    Weight update rule:
+        Δθ ∝ (dE_nudged/dθ - dE_free/dθ) / beta
+    For the out_head: standard CE on nudged output (no dE/dtheta_head term).
+    """
+    L = model.num_blocks
+
+    block_opts = [optim.AdamW(model.blocks[l].parameters(), lr=lr, weight_decay=wd) for l in range(L)]
+    head_opt = optim.AdamW(model.out_head.parameters(), lr=lr, weight_decay=wd)
+    all_opts = block_opts + [head_opt]
+    schedulers = [optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(o, T_max=epochs) for o in all_opts]
+
+    for ep in range(1, epochs + 1):
+        model.train()
+        for x, y in trl:
+            x, y = x.to(dev), y.to(dev)
+
+            # Free phase: standard forward pass
+            with torch.no_grad():
+                _, h_free = model(x, return_hidden=True)
+
+            # Nudged phase
+            h_nudged = ep_nudged_phase_cnn(model, x, y, h_free, beta, T_nudge, alpha_nudge)
+
+            # Zero all grads
+            for o in all_opts:
+                o.zero_grad()
+
+            # EP weight update per block:
+            # dE/dtheta_l = -residual_l * dF_l/dtheta_l  (same as MLP EP)
+            inputs_free = [x, h_free[0].detach(), h_free[1].detach(), h_free[2].detach()]
+            inputs_nudge = [x, h_nudged[0].detach(), h_nudged[1].detach(), h_nudged[2].detach()]
+
+            for l in range(L):
+                inp_f = inputs_free[l].detach()
+                inp_n = inputs_nudge[l].detach()
+
+                if l == 3:
+                    f_free = model.blocks[l](inp_f.flatten(1) if inp_f.dim() > 2 else inp_f)
+                    f_nudge = model.blocks[l](inp_n.flatten(1) if inp_n.dim() > 2 else inp_n)
+                else:
+                    f_free = model.blocks[l](inp_f)
+                    f_nudge = model.blocks[l](inp_n)
+
+                # residuals (detached target - computed output)
+                res_free = (flat(h_free[l]).detach() - flat(f_free).detach())    # (B, d_l)
+                res_nudge = (flat(h_nudged[l]).detach() - flat(f_nudge).detach())
+
+                # dE/dtheta = -(res * dF/dtheta)  =>  gradient via autograd trick
+                # loss_free_l  = -(res_free  * f_l_free).sum()  gives dE_free/dtheta
+                # loss_nudge_l = -(res_nudge * f_l_nudge).sum() gives dE_nudge/dtheta
+                loss_free_l = -(res_free * flat(f_free)).sum()
+                loss_nudge_l = -(res_nudge * flat(f_nudge)).sum()
+
+                ep_loss_l = (loss_nudge_l - loss_free_l) / beta
+                ep_loss_l.backward()
+
+            # Head: CE on nudged h3
+            head_loss = F.cross_entropy(model.out_head(h_nudged[3].detach()), y)
+            head_loss.backward()
+
+            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(list(model.parameters()), 1.0)
+            for o in all_opts:
+                o.step()
+
+        for s in schedulers:
+            s.step()
+        if ep % 20 == 0:
+            print(f"  Ep {ep}: acc={evaluate(model, tel, dev):.4f}", flush=True)
+
+    return model
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Diagnostics
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def compute_bp_grads(model, x, y):
+    """
+    Compute BP gradients w.r.t. each hidden state h_l via autograd.
+    Returns list of grad tensors (same shape as h_l), and the hidden states.
+    """
+    model.eval()
+    L = model.num_blocks
+
+    # Re-run forward with requires_grad on intermediate activations
+    # We build the forward manually to hook into each h_l
+    h = [None] * L
+    inp = x
+    for l in range(L):
+        if l == 3:
+            inp = inp.flatten(1) if inp.dim() > 2 else inp
+        h[l] = model.blocks[l](inp.detach().requires_grad_(False))
+        h[l] = h[l].detach().requires_grad_(True)
+        inp = h[l]
+
+    logits = model.out_head(h[3])
+    loss = F.cross_entropy(logits, y)
+    gs = torch.autograd.grad(loss, h, allow_unused=True)
+    return [g.detach() if g is not None else torch.zeros_like(h[i]) for i, g in enumerate(gs)], h
+
+
+def compute_diagnostics(model, tel, dev, method, beta=0.5, T_nudge=20, alpha_nudge=0.05):
+    model.eval()
+    L = model.num_blocks
+
+    # Grab one batch
+    for x, y in tel:
+        x, y = x.to(dev), y.to(dev)
+        break
+
+    # BP gradients
+    bp_grads, h_bp = compute_bp_grads(model, x, y)
+
+    # Credit signals depending on method
+    if method == 'ep':
+        with torch.no_grad():
+            _, h_free = model(x, return_hidden=True)
+        h_nudged = ep_nudged_phase_cnn(model, x, y, h_free, beta, T_nudge, alpha_nudge)
+        credits = [flat((h_nudged[l] - h_free[l]) / beta) for l in range(L)]
+    else:
+        # For BP and DFA, use BP grads directly (BP self-cosine = 1 by definition)
+        credits = [flat(bp_grads[l]) for l in range(L)]
+
+    bp_grads_flat = [flat(g) for g in bp_grads]
+
+    # Gamma: cosine similarity between credit and BP grad
+    gammas = []
+    for l in range(L):
+        g = cosine_similarity_batch(credits[l], bp_grads_flat[l])
+        gammas.append(float(g))
+
+    # rho: perturbation correlation using forward_from
+    with torch.no_grad():
+        _, hiddens = model(x, return_hidden=True)
+
+    rhos = []
+    for l in range(L):
+        h_l = flat(hiddens[l].detach())   # (B, d_l)
+        a_l = credits[l].detach()         # (B, d_l)
+
+        # forward_fn: perturbed flat h_l -> per-sample CE loss
+        # we need to run from layer l+1 onward
+        def make_forward_fn(layer_idx):
+            def forward_fn(h_flat):
+                """h_flat: (B, d_l) flat tensor at layer layer_idx output."""
+                with torch.no_grad():
+                    # Reshape back to spatial if needed
+                    c = h_flat
+                    for i in range(layer_idx + 1, L):
+                        if i == 3:
+                            c = model.blocks[i](c.flatten(1) if c.dim() > 2 else c)
+                        else:
+                            # blocks 1,2 expect spatial input; but c here is flat
+                            # only happens for i=1 (in_dim 32*32*32->spatial 32,32,32)
+                            # and i=2 (64,16,16). Since layer_idx<i we reshape.
+                            if layer_idx < 3:
+                                # Reconstruct spatial shape from flat
+                                shapes = [(32, 32, 32), (64, 16, 16), (128, 8, 8)]
+                                C_s, H_s, W_s = shapes[i - 1]
+                                c = c.view(c.size(0), C_s, H_s, W_s)
+                            c = model.blocks[i](c)
+                    if c.dim() > 2:
+                        c = c.flatten(1)
+                    logits = model.out_head(c)
+                    return F.cross_entropy(logits, y, reduction='none')
+            return forward_fn
+
+        rho = perturbation_correlation(h_l, a_l, make_forward_fn(l), epsilon=1e-3, M=16)
+        rhos.append(float(rho))
+
+    return {
+        'Gamma': float(np.mean(gammas)),
+        'rho': float(np.mean(rhos)),
+        'gammas_per_layer': gammas,
+        'rhos_per_layer': rhos,
+    }
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Main
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def main():
+    p = argparse.ArgumentParser(description='CNN baseline for CIFAR-10')
+    p.add_argument('--method', type=str, required=True, choices=['bp', 'dfa', 'ep'])
+    p.add_argument('--seed', type=int, required=True)
+    p.add_argument('--gpu', type=int, default=0)
+    p.add_argument('--output_dir', type=str, default='results/cnn_baseline')
+    p.add_argument('--epochs', type=int, default=100)
+    p.add_argument('--lr', type=float, default=1e-3)
+    p.add_argument('--wd', type=float, default=0.01)
+    # EP hyperparameters
+    p.add_argument('--beta', type=float, default=0.5)
+    p.add_argument('--T_nudge', type=int, default=20)
+    p.add_argument('--alpha_nudge', type=float, default=0.05)
+    args = p.parse_args()
+
+    os.makedirs(args.output_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    dev = torch.device(f'cuda:{args.gpu}')
+    torch.manual_seed(args.seed)
+    np.random.seed(args.seed)
+    torch.cuda.manual_seed_all(args.seed)
+
+    trl, tel = get_cifar10()
+    model = SmallCNN().to(dev)
+
+    print(f"[{args.method} s={args.seed}] Training CNN on CIFAR-10 for {args.epochs} epochs...", flush=True)
+
+    if args.method == 'bp':
+        model = train_bp(model, trl, tel, dev, epochs=args.epochs, lr=args.lr, wd=args.wd)
+    elif args.method == 'dfa':
+        model = train_dfa(model, trl, tel, dev, epochs=args.epochs, lr=args.lr, wd=args.wd)
+    elif args.method == 'ep':
+        model = train_ep(model, trl, tel, dev, epochs=args.epochs, lr=args.lr, wd=args.wd,
+                         beta=args.beta, T_nudge=args.T_nudge, alpha_nudge=args.alpha_nudge)
+
+    acc = evaluate(model, tel, dev)
+    diag = compute_diagnostics(model, tel, dev, args.method,
+                                beta=args.beta, T_nudge=args.T_nudge, alpha_nudge=args.alpha_nudge)
+
+    # Save checkpoint
+    ckpt_path = os.path.join(args.output_dir, f'{args.method}_s{args.seed}.pt')
+    torch.save(model.state_dict(), ckpt_path)
+
+    result = {
+        'method': args.method,
+        'seed': args.seed,
+        'acc': float(acc),
+        'Gamma': diag['Gamma'],
+        'rho': diag['rho'],
+        'gammas_per_layer': diag['gammas_per_layer'],
+        'rhos_per_layer': diag['rhos_per_layer'],
+        'epochs': args.epochs,
+        'lr': args.lr,
+        'wd': args.wd,
+        'beta': args.beta,
+        'T_nudge': args.T_nudge,
+        'alpha_nudge': args.alpha_nudge,
+    }
+
+    json_path = os.path.join(args.output_dir, f'{args.method}_s{args.seed}.json')
+    with open(json_path, 'w') as f:
+        json.dump(result, f, indent=2, default=float)
+
+    print(
+        f"[{args.method} s={args.seed}] acc={acc:.4f}  "
+        f"Gamma={diag['Gamma']:.4f}  rho={diag['rho']:.4f}",
+        flush=True,
+    )
+    print(f"  gammas_per_layer={[f'{g:.4f}' for g in diag['gammas_per_layer']]}", flush=True)
+    print(f"  rhos_per_layer  ={[f'{r:.4f}' for r in diag['rhos_per_layer']]}", flush=True)
+    print(f"  Saved: {json_path}", flush=True)
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()